What you need to know
What is Menopause?
Menopause is a natural biological process that marks the end of a woman’s menstrual cycles and fertility, once other causes of loss of periods have been excluded. It reflects the ovaries natural ‘senescence’, with loss of eggs and hormones produced by the ovaries.
It is diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period, typically occurring between the ages of 45 and 55. Menopause is a normal part of aging, not a medical illness, but can bring noticeable changes and symptoms.
Perimenopause
The transitional phase leading up to menopause, often starting in the 40s, where hormone levels fluctuate. Women may notice irregular periods, hot flushes, sleep disturbances, or mood changes.
Postmenopause
The phase after menopause, when periods have stopped for a year. Symptoms may ease for some women, while others may continue to experience changes due to lower estrogen levels.
Common symptoms
- Hot flushes and night sweats
- Vaginal dryness and discomfort
- Urinary frequency, incontinence or cystitis-like symptoms
- Sleep problems
- Mood swings, anxiety, or low mood
- Changes in sexual desire
- Memory or concentration difficulties
- Weight changes and slowing metabolism
- Increased risk of osteoporosis and heart disease
Health considerations
Menopause affects more than menstruation. Lower estrogen levels can impact bone density, cardiovascular health, and urogenital health. Regular check-ups, lifestyle adjustments, and appropriate screenings are important.
Management + treatment options
Lifestyle Measures
Balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, stress management, and limiting alcohol or smoking.
Non-Hormonal Treatments
Certain medications, vaginal moisturisers, and cognitive behavioural therapy can help with symptoms like hot flashes, mood changes, and vaginal dryness.
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Can be effective for symptom relief and bone protection. HRT is personalised, and its benefits and risks should be discussed with your gynaecologist.
When to seek medical advice
Consult your doctor if you experience any of the following symptoms –